Lightning crackles in the atmosphere of Earth's "evil twin" Venus, while the meager remnants of suspected bygone oceans continue to be whipped off the planet and lost to space, scientists said on Wednesday.For nearly three decades, astronomers have said Venus probably had lightning - ever since a 1978 NASA probe showed signs of electrical activity in its atmosphere. But experts weren't sure because of signal interference. Now a magnetic antenna on the European Space Agency's Venus Express probe proved that the lightning was real.
They unveiled the planet closest to Earth not just in distance, but also in size. Venus, the second planet from the Sun, and Earth as the third, started out as virtual twins, according to scientists. The finding is significant because lightning affects atmospheric chemistry, so scientists will have to take it into account as they try to understand the atmosphere and climate of Venus.
The lightning is cloud-to-cloud and about 35 miles above the surface, said University of California, Los Angeles geophysics professor C.T. Russell, lead author of a paper on the Venusian fireworks. It is being published in Thursday's issue of the journal Nature.
But at some point in their 4.5-billion-year histories, something went horribly wrong on Venus. The greenhouse effect ran amok, making Venus a hellish kiln - its surface hot and dry, its crushing atmosphere made up of carbon dioxide permeated by clouds of sulfuric acid that cloak the planet.
"The findings show, of course, that the planet as it stands now is different from the Earth - the high temperatures, the high pressures and the composition. But the processes, we now understand, are much more Earth-like," Hakan Svedhem, Venus Express team project scientist, said in a telephone interview.
"The two planets were, in fact, very similar in the earlier days of the solar system. And they have then evolved in different directions, but according to the same rules and explanations," Svedhem said.
OCEANS BOILED OFF
A previous mission to Venus had detected hints that lightning was flashing through the planet's atmosphere. The instruments aboard Venus Express were able to unambiguously confirm the presence of lightning, the scientists said.
"They look like lightning bursts, very short discharges of electrical energy," said Christopher Russell of the Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics at the University of California, Los Angeles.
Long ago, Svedhem said, Venus was a much wetter place, probably with liquid water oceans like those on Earth and like those that scientists think once existed on Mars.
"Eventually the oceans boiled off, and all the water ended up as water vapor in the atmosphere," Svedhem said.
Equipment aboard the spacecraft allowed scientists to observe how particles are escaping from the atmosphere. The dominant escaping ions, the scientists found, include oxygen and hydrogen in the ratio that corresponds to water, which may help to explain how Venus lost its original water to space.
Venus, unlike Earth, lacks a magnetic field to protect its atmosphere from the solar wind, the stream of electrically charged particles emitted by the Sun. Thus, the solar wind interacts directly with the upper atmosphere of Venus, causing Venus's atmosphere to lose its gases in the form of ionized particles, the scientists said.
Liquid water oceans may have been present on Venus as recently as 1 billion to 3 billion years ago, Svedhem said.
The scientists also gathered three-dimensional images of a vast rotating vortex of clouds at the south pole and compiled the best global map of atmospheric temperatures to date.
Some scientists dub Venus Earth's "evil twin." Its surface temperatures top 750 degrees F (400 degrees Celsius) and its surface pressure is a hundred times that of Earth.
"How did it all go wrong?" asked Andrew Ingersoll of the California Institute of Technology in a commentary accompanying the findings.
Venus Express was launched from Kazakhstan in November 2005 and reached orbit around Venus in April 2006.
Adapted from Reuters , 28 Nov 2007
But at some point in their 4.5-billion-year histories, something went horribly wrong on Venus. The greenhouse effect ran amok, making Venus a hellish kiln - its surface hot and dry, its crushing atmosphere made up of carbon dioxide permeated by clouds of sulfuric acid that cloak the planet.
"The findings show, of course, that the planet as it stands now is different from the Earth - the high temperatures, the high pressures and the composition. But the processes, we now understand, are much more Earth-like," Hakan Svedhem, Venus Express team project scientist, said in a telephone interview.
"The two planets were, in fact, very similar in the earlier days of the solar system. And they have then evolved in different directions, but according to the same rules and explanations," Svedhem said.
OCEANS BOILED OFF
A previous mission to Venus had detected hints that lightning was flashing through the planet's atmosphere. The instruments aboard Venus Express were able to unambiguously confirm the presence of lightning, the scientists said.
"They look like lightning bursts, very short discharges of electrical energy," said Christopher Russell of the Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics at the University of California, Los Angeles.
Long ago, Svedhem said, Venus was a much wetter place, probably with liquid water oceans like those on Earth and like those that scientists think once existed on Mars.
"Eventually the oceans boiled off, and all the water ended up as water vapor in the atmosphere," Svedhem said.
Equipment aboard the spacecraft allowed scientists to observe how particles are escaping from the atmosphere. The dominant escaping ions, the scientists found, include oxygen and hydrogen in the ratio that corresponds to water, which may help to explain how Venus lost its original water to space.
Venus, unlike Earth, lacks a magnetic field to protect its atmosphere from the solar wind, the stream of electrically charged particles emitted by the Sun. Thus, the solar wind interacts directly with the upper atmosphere of Venus, causing Venus's atmosphere to lose its gases in the form of ionized particles, the scientists said.
Liquid water oceans may have been present on Venus as recently as 1 billion to 3 billion years ago, Svedhem said.
The scientists also gathered three-dimensional images of a vast rotating vortex of clouds at the south pole and compiled the best global map of atmospheric temperatures to date.
Some scientists dub Venus Earth's "evil twin." Its surface temperatures top 750 degrees F (400 degrees Celsius) and its surface pressure is a hundred times that of Earth.
"How did it all go wrong?" asked Andrew Ingersoll of the California Institute of Technology in a commentary accompanying the findings.
Venus Express was launched from Kazakhstan in November 2005 and reached orbit around Venus in April 2006.
Adapted from Reuters , 28 Nov 2007
